I don't have one, thats my problem Should be a topic that deals Research Paper

I don't have one, that is my concern Should be a point that manages an issue with instructive purposes inside american culture - Research Paper Example We start with an outline of the debates encompassing state administered testing in a cutting edge setting and assess these contentions with an eye to how instructors can gain from the current issues. We investigate the issue of race and state administered testing and perceive whether government sanctioned testing is the best methods through which understudy assessment is attempted. From this viewpoint, the verifiable and sociopolitical issues encompassing government sanctioned testing in America are brought to the front. Contention encompassing the usage of government sanctioned testing can be found all through the United States. Does a uniform, government sanctioned test precisely mirror a student’s instructive inclination, learning history and future scholarly execution? As referenced above, government sanctioned testing is very normal in the United States as the SAT stays a close to all inclusive experience for secondary school understudies the nation over planning to get into the colleges and universities of the decision. The issue of government sanctioned testing is moderately ongoing worldwide and stays involved in debate. By and by, Canadian colleges don't require a state sanctioned test for permission albeit many doctoral level college programs do. These incorporate the GMAT or LSAT for graduate school applications. By and by, Montreal’s McGill University is the main English-language graduate school in North America which doesn't require a LSAT score for permission. As the issue of state sanctioned testing went to the front, a September 2005 survey by the College of Teachers found that 71% of educators were â€Å"dead set against government sanctioned testing†. In a study from 2004, Educators passionately contradict the utilization of state sanctioned tests as a way to assess staff or schools or to choose how cash is assigned to schools or educational committees. General society opposes this idea. For instance, 79 percent of educators contradict utilizing commonplace tests to

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Chiefs at all degrees of a business are required to settle on choices continually. Regardless of whether it be at a regularly generally safe operational level, or at high significance vital level, exact investigation is fundamental, disappointment on doing so could end in a fiasco in businesss unforgiving world. Proof of this can be found in the key degree of Dell the board in 2004. A poor choice to enter the market with their DJ.Ditty MP3 player, Dell neglected to address any solid advertising effort alongside inability to investigate more grounded substitute items finished up in Dell ceasing the item two years after the fact in 2006. The choice made in the improvement of the item were in like manner poor as opponent organizations, for example, Apple and Zens item includes far overwhelmed Dells powerless item. (Laubacher 2011). Straightforward investigation into Information Systems reveals to us they can show data that can lead us to respond to addresses we are frequently questioned with. In any case, regularly the executives choices are basic logical answers as well as key systems that will help the business in explicit manners. In this paper I will evaluate the various techniques for how IT based frameworks through the methods for Information frameworks can help the executives choices or, on the off chance that they do by any stretch of the imagination. (C.Lucas 1994)In his book data frameworks ideas for the executives, characterizes an IS as a lot of sorted out methodology, that when executed, gives data to help association. The data is a substantial or elusive element that serves to lessen vulnerability about some state or occasion. (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009) Back this definition up expressing an IS framework is a PC based arrangement of equipment, programming and broadcast communications segments, upheld by individuals and methodology to process information and transform it into valuable data. The data framework would then be able to be split into various subsystems with shifting objectives that help gear towards the associations fundamental objective. Obviously ISs are noteworthy in the everyday act ivity of a business. The way that ISs can address question is unquestionable, yet the procedure where they answer them and the type of answers they give can be discussed. Cooperative energy characterizes the consolidated asset yield surpassing the complete yield of similar assets in the event that they were utilized independently (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009). This hypothesis can be extended the extent that the four phases of preparing that a data framework experiences. Information is the primary phase of this procedure which is entered by the human. The following three phases incorporate the preparing of the IS framework, these incorporate changing and controlling the information, extricating the data out of the data framework lastly putting away the data that the IS framework has managed. This is an incredible case of collaboration, the IS framework computes the information at a speedier and less expensive expense than if a human were to do it, yet the IS framework first needs contribution from an occ asion or situation from a human, this proof of cooperative energy. (C.Luckem 2002) Hypothesis on complex occasion preparing identifies with this well overall. He characterizes every business activity (be this inner with setting up choices or outside with clients through deals) taking a few phases of occasions to arrive at a last state and in todays mechanical driven space ISs assume an Important job in every one of these states. He identifies with the utilization of ISs assembling and putting away of information, sharing of data and the capacity of frameworks to computerize and regularly control segments having a fundamental influence of CEP. ISs that identify with CEP are frameworks, for example, Supply Chain Management, as indicated by (B.Handfield and L.Nichols 1999) Is a lot of approaches used to productively incorporate providers, makers, stockrooms, and stores, so stock is created (frequently by PC helped structure) and disseminated at the correct amounts, to the correct areas, and at the ideal time, so as to limit framework wide expenses while fulfilling adm inistration level necessities It is anything but difficult to perceive how this can be identified with the board dynamic, at each phase of a procedure with the utilization of SCM supervisors can stop the procedure and break down creation rates, subsequently utilizing IS frameworks to settle on a choice, which For the situation of SCM implies using each procedure so wastage is at any rate and expenses stay low all through creation . Luckem further communicates that the utilization of IS frameworks in CEP doesn't work with remotely one source however needs both the Human and IS framework to work all in all for any type of procedure to work likewise. Although(Bider 2010) contends the dependability of data prepared by ISs. He expresses that human mistake can frequently be the reason for mistaken information. This isn't exceptional; regularly as data is separated through the data map from office to division human blunder can cause issues. So a contention could be framed that supervisors can frequently place incredible examination into ISs, yet choices can be made utilizing an inappropriate yield from the framework. Corresponding to the four phases of handling, this yield would then be able to be put away mistakenly meaning any future choices dependent on this first issue won't help the appropriate response process as the data will be off base. There are different kinds of frameworks that can fundamentally help dynamic DSSs or Decision Support Systems will be frameworks that guide settling on choices using worked in models. (Turban 1995) Defines it as an intelligent, adaptable, and versatile PC based data framework, particularly created for supporting the arrangement of a non-organized administration issue for improved dynamic. It uses information, gives a simple to-utilize interface, and takes into consideration the choice maker’s own bits of knowledge. DSSs are included three modules information the board, model administration and exchange the board or in benefit terms (real earlier, potential deals, conceivable income, and conceivable benefit). Utilizing these modules DSSs helps locate a perfect game-plan, ready to break down lastly answer addresses that are frequently asked upon people, What if or How will this activity sway income are model. DSSs can process crude information, and attract correlations with produce data to help a business choice. Despite the fact that (Jensen, B.Lowry and Jeffery 2011) contend that the now increasingly wide spread utilization of Decision Support Systems because of the expansion in innovation utilized in business today ought not supplant the dynamic of a human. They contend that in spite of the fact that It is regularly hard for individuals to survey believability accurately in up close and personal connections yet contend the utilization of DSSs can't be utilized as a flat out dynamic procedure The ability of up close and personal collaborations is basic to powerful correspondence and dynamic. Their perspectives can be viewed as fairly antiquated when identifying with dynamic. Like DSSs are Strategic data frameworks. The base of this framework depends on Michael E. doormen Concept of upper hand. This idea examinations the vital stages a business experiences to increase a bit of leeway over its rivals. As indicated by (E.Porter 1998), SIS works by upgrading openings through examining contenders, recording merchant designs, distinguishing potential substitute items lastly recovering data on keeping a solid offer in the businesss advertise. These should help a business to make an upper hand through the methods for SISs. The putting away of information and examination of this information is the thing that directors will use to decide. In both the DSSs and SISs the examination will frequently design out a potential course in which the business may take to accomplish its points. It is then dependent upon the executives to accept these suggestions through embracing the thoughts or not. IS utilized in the hierachary of a business are imperative to survey, at an operational level Systems utilized will be Transactional Process frameworks are Electronic retail location, both of these frameworks permit administrators to investigate organized information and make inferences for themselves, instances of this perhaps the administration of stock requesting to enhance wastage, or evaluating what item sells at a proper time. These frameworks would then be able to be surveyed by the strategic level that may utilize the methods for DSSs to evaluate new estimating procedures to adjust to the operational level through the assistance of DSSs however on the proof of information yielded by TPSs or EPOS. The following and last stage will be the utilization of the frameworks at a key level. Key level will utilize DSSs and Executive data frameworks (like DSSs yet frequently observed as increasingly exact and thought type of framework) alongside unstructured information which happens through the methods for gatherings, discussions and messages .Furthermore key level by and large approach IS of all subordinates ISs to help settle on choices just as ISs connected along with outer business administrations, for example, the most recent stock costs and general business news are likewise normal. Unmistakably ISs help the executives choices, yet in setting of this it is essential to evaluate the attributes of the administrators, too of the administration styles. For instance chiefs that embrace a dictatorial style of the board will be less inspired by staff prosperity which may influence their response to help they get through IS frameworks, which means they may receive any plans a DSS thinks of whether it negatively affects staff. Majority rule style supervisors may depend intensely on the information created from frameworks of their subordinate. While evaluating the improvement of dynamic through the methods for ISs, I feel it is essential to survey supervisor qualities, obviously there are frameworks that guide the dynamic procedure however as (Bider 2010) expressed there can be human blunder caused through the contribution of a framework which may prompt poor dynamic. I feel consistent examination through each phase of the information procedure will permit information to be utilized effectively, subsequently being crucial

Real Estate Strategies

Real Estate Strategies There are many strategies to make money in real estate from sales to financing to investing in real estate securities. The fundamental method, however, is buying and either holding and/or selling commercial and/or residential property. You can also invest in real estate securities. Regardless of the method, all successful real estate strategies require proper planning, research, and analysis. Before you make a decision on which strategy (or strategies) you will employ, you should set financial goals, study your available options in-depth, develop a plan, and obtain feedback. One strategy for successful planning involves developing a network of real estate entrepreneurs and industry professionals that you can rely on for advice. Many cities and online venues have social clubs for entrepreneurs, which can be a good source of insights and feedback. Networking with brokers, and other industry professionals is key to execute other real estate strategies, so start building a list of conta cts in the planning stage. © Shutterstock.com | Creativa ImagesHowever, if you choose to develop your real estate business plan, make sure that you have written goals and understand both your target real estate market(s) and all of the strategies you have available to you. In this article, we will cover 1) residential property strategies, 2) investing in commercial property, 3) investing in real estate securities, and 4) lessons from successful real estate entrepreneurs.  RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY STRATEGIES Finding propertiesOne of the keys to make money in any endeavor is buying low and selling high. But how do you find real estate that can be purchased and sold at a premium? One way is to purchase properties at a discount. You can purchase distressed properties â€" those in need of extensive repair and/or with significant liens levied against it, at public auctions or foreclosure sales. Another is to develop a network of professionals who can help you identify inexpensive properties. Such a network would obviou sly include some brokers, but might also include other real estate professionals, such as appraisers, home inspectors, contractors, and marketing specialists; divorce and estate lawyers, who can inform you when divorce proceedings or deaths are likely to result in a home sale; and moving men and trash haulers, who can inform you if their jobs are at properties for sale. Bankers can also inform you of foreclosures and/or short sales. A third strategy is looking for properties in markets undergoing falling housing prices. This might be due to a weak job market, rising crime, changing demographics and/or a surfeit of available housing. You should buy in these markets if you anticipate that either the market will soon undergo an upswing or that you can otherwise find interested parties willing to buy from you at a premium. Lastly, you can become a residential real estate developer, and work with a construction firm to build residential housing prices inexpensively to be sold at a premiu m. There are often tax credits and financial incentives when building properties in local real estate markets suffering from slow or negative economic growth.Strategies for Residential Real Estate InvestmentOne of the key decisions to make when investing in residential real estate is how involved you will be. Will you be a passive or an active investor? An passive investor is one who owns, operates, and/or sells the property, making any necessary repairs and assuming relevant liability. They may purchase the property using leverage from traditional lenders, and leave the daily management of the property to a paid property manager or a property management firm. Or they purchase properties jointly with others as a part of a limited partnership, leaving the management of the property to the general partner. The typical return for passive investors is usually between 3% and 10% appreciation and 2.5% to 8% income. By contrast, an active investor is one who uses unconventional financing m ethods and employs tactics involving more effort and resources, such as renovation, and more risk. Their return is typically 5-25% appreciation, and 8% yield.Another key decision to make is whether to invest for the short-term or the long-term. In general, this is heavily dependent on your financial goals and your risk tolerance. If you want to get hands on, will not stay up all night worrying about your investment’s performance, and make a significant return on your investment in the short-term, then flipping â€" buying and trading houses within a 30 to 60 day period, may be the strategy for you to pursue. You will want to look for houses in need of minimal repair and make the needed repairs as quickly as possible. Further, to maximize your return, wait for a period when the rate of inflation is forecast to exceed current interest rates, other real estate investors, interested in residential real estate speculation may enter the market, willing to purchase your properties with le verage and, once inflation increases, pay off the mortgages with less valuable dollars. This is a strategy that you, in fact, can take advantage of, albeit a risky one.If, by contrast, you are looking to be minimally involved, and are willing to sacrifice a potentially higher rate of return for minimal volatility, then investing in a portfolio of residential properties and paying for the services of a property management firm, may be the route to take.When assessing a property, one of the most important considerations should be cash flow. With residential property, this usually means rental income, which should be evaluated against going expenses, such as utilities, and both current and long-term related liabilities. If you calculate a negative cash flow, you may want to stay away from the property. The property should also be evaluated in terms of long-term potential for capital appreciation, but this means little if you cannot pay the associated bills in the interim. You should al so have/save funds to be held in reserve in case unforeseen circumstances increase expenses.Beyond flipping and buying-and-holding and renovating, other strategies include purchasing property jointly with other investors, and/or property development. These are entry strategies. You should always enter a real estate investment with one or several exit strategies in mind. Plan for what you will do if housing prices suddenly drop or you have difficulty finding a viable tenant. With real estate investments, ongoing expenses are guaranteed, while income/capital appreciation is not.Advantages and Challenges of Being an Entrepreneur in Residential Real EstateOne of the many advantages of being an entrepreneur in residential real estate is that because there is a fixed supply of land, and existing residential houses, there will always be a demand for residential real estate. The level of demand in each local real estate market may fluctuate in accordance with local and national economic tre nds; however, there will always be demand for places for individuals and families to live.Compared to investing in commercial real estate, it is generally cheaper to begin investing in residential real estate; there is also less risk in the latter than the former. Residential real estate is, generally speaking, less complex and requires less due diligence. Residential real estate investments are also typically less risky than stock market investments and can serve as hedges against both inflation and deflation.There are many challenges to invest in residential real estate as well. Properly forecasting what housing prices will look like in a particular market can be challenging, as there are many variables. Further, landlording, if you should choose to do it, can present its own challenges. Identifying a good property management firm, critical if you choose to be a passive investor, can also present difficulties.Real Estate Investment Strategies INVESTING IN COMMERCIAL PROPERTYFindin g PropertiesMany of the aforementioned strategies for finding residential properties can be applied to commercial properties. Developing a network of real estate professionals, who can tip you off to potentially lucrative sales, is key in both instances. Analyzing depressed markets can yield some attractive buys. Building commercial real estate is an option if you have the capital and resources to do so. And proper attention to local business development, especially to failing businesses, can alert you to potential distressed commercial properties that may soon be on the market.  Strategies for Commercial Real Estate InvestmentCommercial real estate is divided into several different categories: office, industrial, retail, multifamily (four or more units), hotels, land, and mixed use. The fundamentals of making money with this kind of property is largely the same: building or financing a purchase either through traditional or creative (for higher returns) methods, and then either buy ing and holding for appreciation and rental income, or reselling for a higher price. The most common strategy is buying and operating, though many owners use professional property managers for this endeavor. The time horizon for commercial property management is typically much longer than residential real estate investment, usually five years or more. When building or looking for office properties, it is important to understand the key businesses in your local market and their requirements. It is also advantageous to form partnerships with other investors, to pool financial resources for costly acquisitions. Another key strategy is to make money by establishing/installing income-generating assets on the property. For example, a commercial office building with ground floor and basement parking, may open the parking up to the public at a premium.  Advantages and Challenges of Investing in Commercial Real EstateOne advantage of investing in commercial real estate is that leases tend to be long-term, which, assuming the tenant(s) follow(s) the lease terms, can make it a stable investment. Further, the returns of commercial real estate investments in absolute dollars are typically higher than the returns of residential real estate investments. Commercial tenants typically make money off of their leased property and so have a vested interest in maintaining it. There’s less subjectivity in pricing compared to the residential real estate market. Further, most leases are structured as a variation of triple net leases â€" which require the leaseholder to pay all expenses directly besides the mortgage.However, commercial real estate typically costs more than residential real estate. Further, managing commercial real estate and commercial tenants is quite time-consuming and not for the DIYer. It can also be riskier than residential property, given that it will be visited/used by more people.  Strategies to get Started in Commercial real estate INVESTING IN REAL ESTATE S ECURITIES Of course, direct ownership of residential and/or commercial real estate property is not the only way to make money in real estate. One can invest in real estate securities â€" certificates (paper or electronic) that entitle the holder to the rights of ownership of a particular asset or bundle of assets. While certain types of municipal bonds and equities in real estate-related industries can provide avenues for investing in real estate, when one talks about investing in real estate securities, typically they are referring to Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). These are firms which own and manage income-generating residential and/or commercial real estate, usually of a single type (i.e. office REITs, retail REITs, etc.), or real estate related assets. There are three types: equity REITs, which typically operate rather than flip the properties they acquire; mortgage REITs, whose value is based on mortgages they provide or mortgage-backed securities they acquire; and hyb rid REITs, which invest in both properties and mortgages/mortgage-backed securities. You can invest in publicly traded REITs (those that trade on an exchange) or non-exchange traded REITs, or real estate mutual funds whose holdings are primarily or heavily weighted in REITs.  TradingYou can take advantage of fluctuations in the market for real estate securities buying and selling REITs for profit on exchanges. To do so requires careful and consistent analysis of the markets for the securities you hold, as well as broader economic indicators.  MarginYou can increase your trading profits of exchange-traded securities through the use of margin trading. Margin trading involves borrowing funds from a broker to purchase securities, usually more securities than the investor would have otherwise been able to purchase. This strategy is usually used for short-term trades. Of course, while trading successfully using margin will amplify your losses, unsuccessful margin trades will result in inc reased losses.  Buy and HoldREITs, by law, must distribute a minimum of 90 percent of their taxable income to shareholders as dividends. For investors looking to add an income generating asset in their securities portfolio, REITs can be a solid choice.  ChallengesBy investing in real estate securities, you can invest in many different real estate markets at once. Unfortunately, since local factors can often have a disproportionate impact on real estate performance, it may be hard to forecast the performance of the assets the REIT owns, and the proper market value of the security, accurately, if you are not intimately familiar with the real estate market in which the REIT operates. This becomes more challenging if you choose to invest in mutual and/or hedge funds that themselves invest in REITs.Another challenge is the underlying leverage that REITs may have used to purchase their real estate assets. If interest rates go up, and/or the REIT has cash flow problems, it could soon drop precipitously in price.  LESSONS FROM SUCCESSFUL REAL ESTATE ENTREPRENEURSOne of the best ways to understand strategies is to study the moves of successful real estate entrepreneurs. While it competing local entrepreneurs may be reticent to share their methods with you, there is enough publicly available information about some of the most successful real estate entrepreneurs online. Such entrepreneurs include Donald Bren, who pooled assets with two other investors to purchase 10,000 acres and develop the city of Mission Viejo, California in 1963. Today, his portfolio includes 50,000 apartments, 40 million square feet of office space and 8 million square feet of office space, and his net worth is approximately $14 billion.The entrepreneurial activities of Jorge M. Perez can also provide inspiration and insight. A real estate developer, Mr. Perez built multifamily apartments in Miami, after working for the city’s economic development department, a role that gave him the kinds of ins ights into the local real estate market that fueled his success. For example, in the mid-1990s, he figured it would be profitable to develop high-end condominiums in Miami, much to the disdain of his network. His initial venture, which would result in more than 5,000 condominiums owned and operated by his firm The Related Companies, sparked a development boom in downtown Miami, with 22,000 such condominiums built between 2003 and 2009. Further, when the subprime mortgage occurred, Mr. Perez began making substantial acquisitions of distressed properties, which, with development and time, have helped him rebound from $1 billion in related losses.