Legal Law Reform

It could be argued that both the international and the Australian domestic legal systems have both been effective in responding to the need for law reform in modern society. There are four key conditions that have been identified as influencing the need for change to law. Both the parliament through statute law and the courts through common law have important roles to play in bringing about effective change. One important condition that gives rise to law reform is the changing of social values. This means reforming laws to suit the changes in society. Social values are standards that guide people in the direction of wrong or right. The similar views society holds upon these standards is a reflection of public morality. Therefore, in order for the law to be abided and relevant to society it needs to reflect the social value of the people. An example of law reform in this area is seen amongst same-sex relationships. Changing social values led to same-sex couples being recognised as de facto relationships. This led to the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW). Therefore it is evident that the domestic legal system is effective in responding to changing social values. Another important condition that gives rise to law reform relates to new concepts of justice. As social values change, so does the idea of justice. New concepts of justice come in when the law is incapable of delivering just outcomes to individuals and the community. An example of law reform in this area is seen in the case of capital punishment. The concept of justice shifted from retribution (a life for a life) to rehabilitation. This comes to show the effectiveness of the domestic legal system in responding to concepts of justice. Law reform is also influenced by new technology. As technology advances, pressure is placed upon the need for the law to keep up. This is due to its continuous development. An example of law reform in this area is seen in the introduction of motor vehicles, where the law changed regarding safe driving and road safety rules. On a positive note, the introduction of DNA testing machines, have helped to solve many criminal matters. It is therefore seen that the domestic legal system if effective in keeping up with technological advancements. However, technology continues to advance and in order for the law to remain effective it needs to keep up with these changes. A fourth condition that gives rise to law reform is the failure of existing laws. If a law is not being effective, there is a need for law reform. In order for there to be a law reform, a current law must be broken. An example of law reform is this area is seen in the case of AVO’s. Prior to reform, stalking wasn’t a part of putting can AVO on someone. After a woman was killed because of being stalked, the law changed and stalking was added to the AVO. The two agencies that are most influential in carrying out law reform are the parliament and the courts. In relation to the parliament, statute law refers to laws passed in parliament. This entitles the state, territory and federal governments to all have the right to change the law. One example of recent law reform in relation to statute law in Australia, relates to ‘bikie gangs’ and making them illegal. These new laws provide police with powers to search ‘bikies’. It allows them to make court orders regarding the members that associate together. The courts are another important agency of law in Australia. Common law refers to laws passed by courts. The doctrine of precedent is utilised whereby judges must resolve disputes on the basis of decisions made in similar cases. This alone deems the law effective in providing equality to society. One recent example of common law in action relates to Christian Rossiter, a man with spastic quadriplegia after being hit by a car. He argued with the Supreme Court to allow him to refuse the food he is fed by his carer. In doing this, he agreed to understand the consequences of dying, but to Christian dying was better than staying alive in pain. The law reform commission (LRC) in both NSW and Australia plays an important role. The role of the LRC is to provide and improve access to justice, modernise and simplify the law, eliminate problems in the law, suggest new ways of administrating the law and providing justice and removing out dated and unnecessary laws. At the present time, the LRC is involved in many current projects which are helping in changing the law for the better. It is currently working on areas in bail, penalty notice offences, jury directions in criminal trials and people with cognitive and health problems in the criminal justice system. A case that determines a mechanism of law reform relates to Skye’s Law in NSW. This this case the existing law appeared to be failing. In December 2009 a 19-month-old baby, Skye Sassine was killed in a road rage accident. Police were on a high speed chase after two alleged robbers in Sydney’s southwest. The law which was put in place by the NSW cabinet stated that anyone who leads a high speed chase will face jail terms of up to five years. Therefore it can be seen that both statute law and common law have been effective in allowing the legal system to respond to the need for law to make the legal system function in a more effective manner.

Edward Estlin Cummings Essay

Edward Estlin Cummings or E. E. Cummings,as he was popularly called was an American poet, painter, essayist, author, and playwright. His body of work encompasses approximately 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays and several essays, as well as numerous drawings and paintings. He is remembered as a preeminent voice of 20th century poetry. One of his major work is the poem â€Å" I thank You God†. The poem by e. e. cummings, titled â€Å"I thank you God for most this amazing†¦ † suggests a way of perception that differs from ordinary vision. We notice first in this poem that the day itself is seen as amazing; the â€Å"spirits of trees† that leap suggest their form; the sky is a â€Å"blue true dream,† and â€Å"everything† is natural, infinite and â€Å"yes†. The speaker is almost breathless; he hardly pauses, having no space even between his semi-colons. We find the poet both dead, then reborn in his communication with the earth and with nature; he is gradually converted into a new realm of awareness. As in the case of any small child, he views the earth’s existence in the language of his newfound cognizance–he is reborn, thus so is the sun and life and love and wings, even the earth itself. All things are new precisely because he is renewed. Next, his senses become the conduits to the metaphysical. By the word â€Å"God† he could mean a personal deity or a pantheist unity unimaginable in essence. The gist of the poem speaks more effectively to the former–glorying in the senses arises from gratitude, which begs a subject. It would be difficult to be grateful to impersonality. Rather, the poem takes on a sacramental meaning; the poet penetrates the world, and the earth itself–as it should–becomes the conduit to unearthly faith. The speaker is finite, a â€Å"human merely being† grasping for the â€Å"unimaginable† infinite, and discovering faith through what is; in other words, through the physicality of the earth surrounding him. Hence, he concludes, â€Å"now the ears of my ears awake and/now the eyes of my eyes are opened,† an allusion to a common motif running through much of the Christian Scriptures. Ecclesiastes, for instance, contains a lament for â€Å"the eye not filled with seeing†; the prophet Isaiah condemns those with â€Å"ears who do not hear† because of hardened hearts. The poet’s enlightenment, interestingly, begins with gratitude and an appreciation for nature, the sun and sky, and this is what leads to life and love and wings, all of which erase doubt. This is an unusual route to enlightenment, and unlike pantheism (which in its many forms begins with a fundamental rejection of nature as illusory and ends with the abdication of the self). Rather, cummings affirms with humility his humanity and all of nature, the â€Å"great happening illimitably earth†. The process he describes thus begins with thanks and revelry in the senses and ends with faith and enlightenment.

Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Position paper - Essay Example According to the Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) and National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (Great Britain) (2006), the venues with the highest probability of violence in hospitals include the emergency departments, facilities of psychiatry, home offices, private outpatient offices, forensic settings, mental health community, outpatients clinics, and general hospitals. Patients’ violence to the nurses takes many forms. According to Conroy and Murrie, (2007), they include physical harassment, threats, stalking, frivolous lawsuits, scurrilous and false accusations, complaints to licensure medical boards, vandalism, excessive or abusive letters and phone calls, obscene or threatening mails, loitering, trespassing, home visits and drive-by, and display of knowing of the personal life of the nurse. Many cases are being reported on violent crimes such as rape, assaults and homicides, especially in the emergency departments and the psychiatry facilitie s with nurses as the main targets (Tardiff, 1999). Statistical research Patients’ violence against nurses has been a thorny issue in the health sector. Eichelman and Hartwig (1995) give an overview of the issue when they document the survey done by the American Nurses Association. From the survey, the numbers of registered nurses who have reported cases of assault by the patients were 34%. This represented a rise in assault from 25 % in the year 2001. Results that are more shocking indicate that from the government statistics, eight nurses were reported killed in the work place from the year 2003 to the year 2009. In addition to that, 2050 more incidences were reported by the nurses and involved violent assault and harassment (Eichelman & Hartwig, 1995). Similarly, the report of Bureau of Labor Statistics of 2006 indicates that 60% of the assaults in work place took place in the healthcare, and most of them were because of the patient’s violence towards nurses (Crichto n, 1995). Moreover, the healthcare support occupations had a 20.4% injury rate due to assaults while healthcare practitioners had a 6.1% rate. These are just the results from the reported cases, and this figure could be larger if underreporting from the nurses, probably due to the perception that assaults forms part of work in the nursing profession, could be minimized (Babich, 1981). My argument from these statistics is that nurses and healthcare practitioners in the health profession face an acute problem which is underrated but affects their performance in their bid to deliver services to the patients. Richter and Whittington (2006) further validate the issue of the patient violence when they point out that nurses in the hospital emergency departments experience the highest rate of physical assault. Furthermore, Richter and Whittington (2006) observe that 28% of nurses working in the emergency departments reported that they have been victims of physical assault for the past one y ear. Violence in Emergency Departments In the hospital set up, patient violence to the nurses is a great issue that needs to be discussed soberly. Eichelman and Hartwig (1995) point out that the studies conducted by many bodies indicate that the nurses and other healthcare professional assigned in the emergency departments experience the highest level of violence from patients. This is because evaluation and treatment of the violent high-risk patients are initially

Does Canada's Official Policy of Multiculturalism Strengthen or Weaken Research Paper

Does Canada's Official Policy of Multiculturalism Strengthen or Weaken the Country's National Identity - Research Paper Example This application is usually done at the organizational level, for example, nations, states, cities, towns, neighborhoods, businesses, schools, and hospitals among others. Another author, Bumsted (p 12), defines multiculturalism as a school of thought embodied in political philosophy that addresses the best way to respond to religious and cultural diversity. Examples of Multiculturalism Good examples of multicultural societies include Canada, Argentina, Australia, Netherlands, and Continental Europe among others (Garcea, p. 51). In these countries, multiculturalism is treated seriously, with policies being put in place to ensure that there is the development of lasting and useful relationships within cultural, religious and ethnic groups (Kelley and Trebilcock, p. 49). New comers and other groups that may be seen to be marginalized such as immigrants are treated with respect and reached out to so as to ensure that they feel part of these countries or regions (Jedwab, p 33). These coun tries recognize the existence of multiple cultures, ethnicities, and religious groups, which are all treated equally (Banting and Soroka, p 156). Definition of National Identity National identity is defined as the identity of a person that gives him/her a sense of belonging to a particular nation or state (Kelley and Trebilcock, p. 101). ... These common elements or common points include national consciousness, national language, national symbols, national colors, blood ties, and a nation’s history among others (Jedwab, p 40). Importance of National Identity National identity is important because it gives an individual a sense of belonging to a particular country or nation. National identity is known to strengthen the cohesion of citizens of a particular nation (Tierney, p 90). National identity brings about unity and cooperation among individuals of the same nation because they unite with fellow countrymen to achieve common national goals such as fighting common threats and protecting members of a nation (Smith, p 14). National identity is known to promote patriotism and a love for one’s nation (Day, p 12). Multiculturalism and National Identity of Canada a. Historical Perspective In Canada, multiculturalism exclusively refers to the concerns and attention given to cultural diversity. These concerns addres s issues related to linguistic diversity, religious diversity, racism, cultural identity, and immigrant integration (Day, p 48). The history of multiculturalism and national identity in Canada dates back to 1867 when Canada was officially recognized as a country. Since then, issues of cultural diversity have been part of policies in the country (Jedwab, p 23). The initial concerns that brought about the need for multiculturalism and national identity in Canada were inspired by the need to foster good relationship between the original people of that country and the state, assimilate immigrants, and bring together the ‘two founding nations’ of Canada, namely, the French and British

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment Example For Wright, globalization brings some order in the world while for Kaplan it is a source of chaos but both agree that it is not a new phenomenon as traces of it can be found in history. Kaplan and Wright view globalization as a growth in interdependence among nations enhanced by commerce and improved technology. The expansion of commerce began in the prehistoric period driven by improvements in transport, roads, wheels and boats. These improvements were meant for facilitating wars but when there was no fighting, they were used to do deals (Wright). Even today, trade is enhanced by improved transport and communication making it accessible to cross boarders and trade with other nations. The building of ships, planes, trucks, and railway has connected many countries to the rest of world thereby enhancing globalization. According to Kaplan, the geographical location of a country is vital in determining its success in commerce. America has been able to rise in the global scene due to adva ncement in transport and its strategic position where it can connect to the rest of the world. It can connect to Europe through the Atlantic Ocean, Asia through Pacific Ocean and other countries through the Indian Ocean. It is thus able to exchange with those countries through its shipping lines. Information technology has also been attributed to the spread of Globalization. According to Wright it started in early days when writing was discovered in Mesopotamia as a way of keeping records. It was later used in the form of contracts that enhanced international trade. The discovery of print also accelerated globalization. In Wright’s words, it makes it cheap to transmit information thus giving power to the powerless groups. He gives an example of the rise of Protestantism from the Roman Catholic Church that was facilitated by the emergence of print media in the 15th century. People like Martin Luther used the print to their advantage to spread ideas and attract masses. Today, i nformation technology also helps to advance the terrorism ideals as people from all over the world watch news of terrorism activities through televisions, internet and other social media. The events of 9/11 attacks were broadcast all over the world and Osama bin Laden became a local name thus globalizing the world through media. Technology advancement has also resulted in development of nuclear weapons necessiting the governments to unite against such activities by forming a global security watch bodies. Globalization over time has led to both positive and negative consequences. According to Wright, globalization has led to expansion of governments thereby forming global governance. This is due to increasing interdependence among nations; what happens in one country affects other countries thus creating the need for a world body such as World Trade Organization to regulate commerce and trade. The United Nations is also a world body that ensures security among nations. America being a pertinent player in the global scene therefore has a duty to protect its interests and this makes it necessary for it to intervene in the affairs of other nations to ensure they are stable. This is due to the fact that if trading nations are unstable, then America will be affected due to interdependence. This explains America’s interest in ending Iraq war. Globalization also leads to growth of morality. According to Wri

The Filter case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Filter - Case Study Example It is faced with the decision of opting new arenas of application of its technology, apart from the currently prevailing entertainment and media areas to increase the profitability of the company. As opposed to the limited options of growth available in the currently selected media and entertainment areas, the company intends to expand its operation by covering other areas that may utilize its superior recommendation technology. Various factors are involved in the decision regarding evolution of the company to increase its profitability. The fact that the technology owned by the company is of considerable importance for various other businesses, makes it possible for this company to adopt an approach where business-to-business model is feasible and profitable. It appears that the company’s move from adopting a direct customer approach to the business-to-business approach was a test-flight designed to test the feasibility of the business. Now that many notable companies like Nokia, Sony Music and Comcast are already using their services, the company is hopeful to test new areas of growth. Although this appears to be a safe approach, the fact that every new area brings forth new challenges should not be forgotten. So far, the company’s services were utilized by users who were looking for entertainment; but the application of this company’s recommendation technology in other areas e.g. in health for diagnosis, will be totally different scenario. The recommendations generated by the company’s algorithms, in such areas of life will have far more legal weightage with unexpected ethical implications than they had in entertainment sector. Another problem would be the presence of competitors in the new fields, since people in the market will be well aware of the naà ¯ve nature of the company in the new waters. As far as the alternatives to the present approach are

Tech Guide 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tech Guide 2 - Assignment Example software verifies eligibility of patients for every medical procedure, besides helping in automatic posting of remittance of workers (Tang and Stratton 566). In addition, AccuMed has the ability to provide custom reports as well as reminding medical officers and nurses of the appointments and scheduling. Further, the software can support HIEs connections with RHIOs through the help of HL7. Praxis EMR is a unique software for medical records that applies minimal reliance on templates. It gives healthcare practitioners easy time to manage appointments. It has billing system integration within it and gives room for charting directly between patients and medical officers and nurses. Further, Praxis EMR enables medical specialists to carry out an electronic prescription of drugs to patients. The health facility is unique because it can recognize handwriting and voices of both patients and medical officers. It also has HIPAA Compliant, lab integration, patient portal, and ONC-ATCB Certified. The management of the healthcare clinic facility has chosen Praxis EMR software. The reason for Praxis the choice is that it has several applications compared to AccuMed. It enables chatting, lab integration and handwriting and voice recognition that are lacking in AccuMed

Importance of following orders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of following orders - Essay Example A combat becomes ineffective whenever a soldier fails to follow the orders given to him/her. Whenever a single unit’s soldier is not combat effective, he will end up slowing down the combat’s winning formula by forcing the commanders to focus on a single soldier who is not offering anything to the workload that is facing the unit. By executing the orders in time and in the manner that is acceptable, one greatly helps in the unit even if he doesn’t know the reason why as everyone is important in making the mission at hand a success. Un-questionably following orders is how the military regard discipline. One is expected to know what they have to do at the same time follow commands and directions enthusiastically and promptly. For one to follow orders effectively, it is very important for one to be disciplined as you it enables you to react in a manner that is fast enough whenever your service is called upon. This will really help in raising a soldiers awareness level as a soldier should be alert at all times. Following orders enables an individual to becoming a good soldier. A good soldier is one who takes an order and carries it out the way it has been given no matter how bad or hard it is to follow that particular order. There are many reasons as to why it is important to follow orders and all of them are important, but in this essay I have only looked at the main ones. Whenever a soldier does not follow the authoritative directions given by his senior, it does not hurt him/her alone as an individual, but the whole combat team and the mission’s goals. Whenever the objectives of a mission get hurt by failing to follow orders as expected, everything that is important in completing the mission becomes weak. This also affects the moral of the entire unit as the leadership will be at a constant worry about the loyalty of the solder who does not follow their orders. They are never relaxed as they wonder if he/she is going to do

Cross cultural awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cross cultural awareness - Essay Example Stereotypes are simplified and standardized conceptions about groups of people or individuals (Hurst, 2007). These stereotypes are used as mental shortcuts by people when they are dealing with people about whom they know little personally (Hurst, 2007). For example, there are stereotypes about Blacks, Latinos, Older Workers, Female Workers, Arabs and Asians among scores of others. When interacting with a person from any of these stereotypical groups, it becomes easier to think of them as having the specific characteristics that are associated with the group. For example, two African persons – though they may be coming from countries as diverse as America and Egypt, might be considered to be both aggressive, good in sports and bad in academics etc. as these attributes come with the stereotype of ‘Black’ person. Stereotypes are not all bad as they may actually help you in making quicker decisions as they provide an easy way to understand behaviors (Ewen and Ewen, 2006). For example, in the case of Germany, the people can be expected to desire more efficiency in overall hotel operations while in the case of Japan, the hotel guests may require more expression of courtesy from the staff. Having this knowledge from the typical stereotypes, the hotel can tailor its package accordingly to provide the best service delivery as desired by different people. Stereotypes can also help in understanding the differences in a non-complex manner and thus enable better decision making (Ewen and Ewen, 2006). For example, in the hotel context, stereotypes can help in serving the people belonging to different groups better. It may be useful to know what people from different regions prefer in terms of dà ©cor, food or service, and this knowledge can be derived from stereotypes. Next benefit of stereotyping is that it provides us with a mental file or a mental background in the context of which we can make sense of

ROLE OF THE STATE IN ENSURING DEVELOPMENT IN A COUNTRY Essay Example for Free

ROLE OF THE STATE IN ENSURING DEVELOPMENT IN A COUNTRY Essay INTRODUCTION A state may be simply defined as a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Claude Ake (1992) defines a state as: The organized aggregate of relatively permanent institutions of governance. It is seen as a set of associations and agencies claiming control over defined territories and their populations. The main components of the state are, consequently, decision making structures (executives, parties and parliaments), decision-enforcing institutions (bureaucracies, parastatal organizations and security forces) and decision-mediating bodies (primary courts, tribunals and investigatory commissions). The character of the state in any particular country is determined by the pattern of organization of these institutions at specific points in time. The government is usually used interchangeably with the state but it however represents the people or officers in power who change from time to time but the state does not change. see more:the role of youth in nation building The state plays a major role in the development of a country as it is the government/state that enacts key policies are key to economic success and development in a given country. There has however been a lot of contention especially in African countries about the role of the state in regards to development of a country. This is because many African states relied and still rely heavily on foreign markets and expatriates for development in the country. For example in southern Africa most post colonial states depended on expatriates for the formulation of national developmental plans that ran for 5 to 15 years. These plans were also still financed by foreign donors. AÂ  similar case was seen in Tanzania whose first phase of its ambitious 15 year development plan was funded by external powers with domestic funding being only a fifth of the raised capital. Hence the there is debate as to whether development is brought about by the state or by market forces that are independent. The role of the state in development The state plays the following roles that facilitate development in a country. These roles can be divided into the following categories: a. The role of the state in current development programmes b. Development of good governance c. Development of policies Implementation of reforms These reforms include structural adjustments in the country that manage and control pricing of commodities in the country. Also the state has the powers to control various institutions including private institutions. The state should aim at implementing stable property rights, enforcing the rules and laws of the land and elimination of corruption. The state should also provide supervision over the provision of public goods and services such as transportation and security. Implementing development programs The state plays a major role in implementation of development programs that form a back bone other which development takes place. For example in Tanzania there was implementation of a 15 year development plan with funding from both the state and foreign markets. In Kenya the vision 2030 is another good example of a state drive n development plan that aims at achieving development in the country through various started. The vision 2030 aims to create a globally competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life by 2030. The pillars for this 2030 development program include: economic pillar that is aiming at a 10% gross domestic product increase by 2012 by targeting tourism, agriculture, whole sale and retail trade, manufacturing, IT services and financial services. The second pillar in Kenya’s 2030 development program is the social pillar. This pillar aims at investing in the people of Kenya in order to improve the quality of life for all Kenyans by targeting education and training, health, environment, housing and urbanization, youth and sport development, gender children and social development. The state’s role in improvement of these factors will have a direct influence in development in the country. For example the improvement of education by ensuring that all people receive formal education and professional training to create a pool of qualified work force that will supports the economic pillar of development and hence increase in the GDP. The third pillar of the vision 2030 development program is the political pillar. This aims at moving into the future as one nation and envisions a democratic system that is issue based, people centred, result oriented and is accountable to the public. This pillar aims at creating a transparent and accountable government. The vision 2030 for development has already commenced in Kenya with 120 transformational and flagship programmes across each pillar already in progress. This shows one of the roles of the state in implementing development programs and monitoring them. Implementation of quality governance. The state has the function of implementing stable rules and laws that govern the country. These rules protect property rights and create an entrepreneur friendly environment for local and foreign investment in the country. Studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between good governance and the level of per capita income in the country. Establishment of quality governance leads to increase of per capita income in the country. A good example is China that has experienced exponential growth over the last decade. State-centred accounts attribute China’s economic success to the organizational capacity of local government to monitor and intervene to promote the development of township and village enterprises (Walder 1995). This has seen china change to a strong capitalist economy and by-pass other nations such as the former Soviet Union i.e. Russia that were the favourites to see increased economic and development growth. China boasts of a strong authoritarian national leadership and an elite state bureaucracy that pursues developmental goals and industrial policy (Wade 1990). However this role of the state in development, that is the implementation of good governance has been criticized because in developing countries of which a majority of African countries are there are no resources to implement good governance. This is due to lack of adequate skilled man power and capital to implement close supervision of state development projects. There is also neglect of various areas when development is taking place with localized development of capital cities and major towns at the expense of national development. This leads to most developing countries shifting to economic marketism with privatization of most institutions and the role of development shifts from the state to the market forces and foreign influence that comes with its own disadvantages in that development in the region in a situation of minimal state intervention remains low when compared to the era of economic nationalism, which seems to have recorded higher levels of social development (Khabele, 2002). Implementation of policies The state has the role of implementing policies that increase development and economic growth in a country. In most developing countries the policy challenge is not to get the state out of the way on the assumption that a capitalist market economy is already in existence and that the problem is to make it work better by removing excessive government regulation. The policy challenge is to create market and this should be reinforced by the state. The state should formulate policies that will ensure innovation in the country, structural transformation in terms of infrastructure and industrialisation; policies that will ensure creation of jobs for the people of the country and hence aid to lower poverty in general and increase per capita income in the country. The state has the role of implementing policies in Kenya that will shift the policy in agriculture from neglect of the agriculture sector to active support to farmers through rural infrastructure, developing of linkages between agriculture and other sectors such as foreign exchange and industries. The government should also implement policies to aid in financing agricultural projects and improve the use of technology in agriculture. The Kenyan population rely heavily on agriculture for income and concentration on this resource can increase development in a country. The state also has the role to implement industrial policies that will enable increase in industries and manufacturing in a country. It should also ensure proper attention is paid to the education and training system in the country so that there is a pool of workers for the industries. Increase in industrialisation leads to economic growth and hence developments. The state should also implement good trade policies both locally and internationally. Good trade policies supplement the industrial policy and support the trading environment to maximize on the attractiveness of a countries products and services in the region and globally. Lack of implementation of proper trade policies can hinder economic development and development. A good example is Zimbabwe that had failed to implement a comprehensive national trade policy. This lead to the decline of export earnings by 49% from US$2.6 billion in 1997 to around US$ 1.3 billion in 2008. This limited export of good lead to increased foreign debt of about 25.3% of the GDP in 2001 that greatly hindered economic development in the country. (Khabele et al 2002) the government of Zimbabwe has now realised the need for implementation of proper national trade policies in order to successfully participate in regional and global market. Zimbabwe has now implemented the National Trade Policy whose policy vision is to have trade as the engine for sustainable economic growth and development in Zimbabwe. CONCLUSION The role of the state in development has been an issue of heated debate at theoretical and policy arenas in the African especially since the attainment of independence of most of the countries. Two main alternative or contrasting development agendas that have driven the debate were those of the nationalist political elite or the state (economic nationalism) on one hand and those of foreign capital (economic marketism) on the other. State intervention, as a key policy thrust of a development process is much stronger in respect of economic nationalism, which in itself is an expression of the political commitment of African states to chart independent development paths for their countries. However the role of the state in development is not independent of marketism as foreign and local markets play a huge role in the development process. The ideal situation would be for the state, foreign markets and private sectors to work together I good relation to ensure development in the various A frican countries. REFERENCES 1. African Development Indicators, Drawn from World Bank Africa Database, The World Bank, Washington D.C., 2001 2. Ake, C., ‘Democracy and Development in Africa’; The Brookings Institution, Washington DC., 1996 3. Khabele M., ‘The role of the state in development in SADC region’; council for development in Africa, Ghana, 2002 4. The ministry of Industry and commerce of Zimbabwe data base: ‘www.miit.gov.zw/policies’, 2012

Development Of The Modern Atomic Theory Philosophy Essay

Development Of The Modern Atomic Theory Philosophy Essay The Modern Atomic Theory states that: 1. Atoms are no longer considered indivisible or indestructible; 2. Atoms of the same element can have different weights and atoms of different elements can have the same weight; 3. Atoms are the smallest particles that take part in chemical reactions; and 4. Atoms do not always have to combine in simple ratios (Wiz IQ). The development of this theory can be contributed to the works of John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Robert Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, Niels Bohr, Gary Motherfucking Oak, and Sir James Chadwick. John Dalton was the first scientist to propose a version of the modern atomic theory. He based his atomic theory off of ancient Greek philosophers theories on atoms, although his theory was much more accurate than theirs. Dalton did not have any experimental designs for his theory, but he did have a lot of quality research. He proposed a standard symbol for each element (right). He found that chemical elements were composed of atoms, and that the atoms in one element were all identical in weight, but atoms of different elements had different weights (Atomic Theory). John Dalton was able to prove this information because of his development of a method used to find atomic weights. He also found that atoms only combined in small whole-number ratios. This information is related to the formulation of the Law of Multiple Proportions (Historical Outline). The Law of Multiple Proportions states that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the mass of one element and the mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers. He created the Law of Multiple Proportions as he was experimenting with finding the atomic weights of elements (Britannica). With all of his work, John Dalton came up with his own atomic theory. It stated that 1. Matter is made up of very small, indivisible parts known as atoms; 2. Atoms of the same element are identical in every way; 3. Atoms of different elements are different in all ways; 4. When atoms of the same or different element combine they form compound atoms; 5. When combined, they do so in simple, whole-number ratios; 6. An atom is the smallest particle to have a part in chemical reactions; and 7. An atom can neither be created nor destroyed (Wiz IQ). When J.J Thomson was only 14 years when he enrolled at Owens College, Manchester. He then went on to become a Fellow of Trinity College, after that he became a professor at Cambridge. As a professor, Thomson made a few trips to America, and when he returned, he made the most brilliant discovery of his career. Thomson had discovered the electron. While he was on another trip to America, he lectured on some things he thought the structure of an atom would be (Thomson Nobel Prize). Before him, Dalton had done a lot of research with atoms, but his theory had nothing about the physical and internal structures of atoms. The evidence that led him to believe Daltons theory was not the most accurate was his own discovery of the electron, or negatively charged particles (Historical Outline). Thomson discovered the electron while experimenting with cathode rays; he concluded that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles that has a mass about 1000 times smaller than a hydrogen a tom. With this information he proposed that cathode rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, and that theses small particles were pieces of atoms (American Institute of Physics). In 1904, Thomson made a model of what he believed the internal structure of an atom looked like (Chemical Heritage Foundation). He called this model, Plum Pudding, because there was a positively charged bowl with negatively charged electrons in the atom that were like plums in pudding (History of Atoms). Robert Millikan grew up in rural America as the son of Reverend Silas Millikan. He attended Oberlin College. After he graduated, he taught elementary physics. He became a professor at the University of Chicago after being a teacher in every grade level. Millikan made many advancements in his career, but by far, his greatest discovery was that of the charge of an electron. Millikan determined the unit charge of the electron Thomson discovered (Millikan Nobel Prize). With the unit charge of the electron, the mass of electrons and positively charged atoms could be calculated. He found the unit charge of the electron by using his oil drop experiment. In the oil drop experiment, Millikan dropped oil drops a certain distance in air and measured how long it took the drop to fall. Then he turned on an electric field, and measured how long it took for the oil drops to rise the same distance upward. With the two times-up and down-of the oil drops, Millikan could find the mass of the drop of oi l and its total charge. Sometimes the charge of the oil drop would change and he concluded that these changes were small multiples of e, an important unit charge (Franklin). Ernest Rutherford grew up with a father who was a wheelwright and a mother who was a schoolteacher. When he was 16, Rutherford entered Nelson Collegiate School then went on to study at the University of New Zealand, where he earned a masters degree in mathematics and physics. Rutherford was awarded the Exhibition Science Scholarship, which enabled him to study at Trinity College where he would work closely with Thomson, the man who discovered the electron and found that atoms were made of electrons. Another Scientist who did work with atoms was Millikan did who found the charge of an electron; Rutherford went in depth to find a more accurate depiction of the internal structure of an atom and how the electrons play a role in its structure (Rutherford Nobel Prize). He experimented with alpha rays and concluded, with their help, that the atom was a small, heavy nucleus with electrons in orbit around it. Rutherford developed a model of this atom with a nucleus and orbiting electrons; the picture to the right is the Rutherford model. This would become the base for the model that is still accepted today (Atomic Theory). Besides stating that electrons orbit a nucleus, Rutherford also discovered the proton, which makes up the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. He found that a proton has a single positive electric charge, and that every atomic nucleus has at least one proton present. Rutherford proposed the existence of the neutron but he did not have enough factual information to prove its existence. He also proposed that all of the positive charge and all of the mass of the atom occupied a small space in the center of an atom and that most of the atom is empty space occupied by electrons (Historical Outline). Henry Moseley was raised in an educational environment. His father was a biologist and a professor of anatomy and physiology, his grandfather was also a biologist and conchologist. Moseley was awarded a scholarship to attend Eton College. After Eton College, he went to Trinity College at the University of Oxford. He then went to the University of Manchester to study under Sir Ernest Rutherford (Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley was a young scientist, who was mostly known for his work with atomic numbers and the periodic table. He experimented and found that the x-rays elements emit increase in a linear manner with each following element on the periodic table. He thought this could be directly related to the positive charge on the nucleus (Henry Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley then proved that the atomic numbers of elements were not random, but had a physical basis that could be measured. This is known as Moseleys law, and it justified many ideas in chemistry by placing the elements on the peri odic table into the correct order based on atomic number, not atomic mass (Royal Society of Chemistry). Moseleys law also justified Rutherfords view of the atom. It justified this model of the atom because the law states that the atomic number of an element is also the exact number of positive charges in the central atomic nucleus, and also Rutherfords proposal that the atom is a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons (Moseley Wikipedia). Niels Bohr also grew up in a very educational atmosphere. His father was a distinguished physiologist, and his mother came from a family in the field of education. Bohr attended Copenhagen University where he went on to study physics. After receiving his Doctors degree, Bohr studied at Cambridge, where he studied under Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr started to study the structure of atoms based on Rutherfords findings (Bohr Nobel Prize). Ernest Rutherford found that an atom is a nucleus with electrons in orbit around it, Bohr realized that his model was not entirely correct; according to physics, it should be very unstable (PBS). Bohr came up with two rules that he applied to the movement of electrons. First, he said that electrons can only orbit a certain distance away from the nucleus. Secondly, he proposed that electrons only moved in restricted, consecutive orbital shells, and that the outer, high energy orbits determined the chemical properties of different elements (History of At oms). Bohr also suggested that electrons jump from one orbital ring to another without ever being in an in-between state. Meaning that when atoms give off energy, such as light or heat, the electron will jump to a higher or lower orbit. Bohr created a model of what his evidence would look like; the picture above is the model Bohr created, it is still used today. When Bohr published this new discovery in 1913, some people did not accept it because of the basis of his information. Bohr developed his idea off of simple atoms, but the solid evidence was that his model matched up with patterns of light emitted by real hydrogen atoms (PBS). Sir James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891. He attended Manchester High school before entering Manchester University. Chadwick graduated in 1911 from the Honors school of Physics. He actually studied under Professor Rutherford, and he would continue to work with Rutherford for some time and in the future. Chadwick then moved on to Cambridge, where he would discover the neutron. While at Cambridge, Chadwick took a look at the current atomic model and found there was something missing (Chadwick Nobel Prize). In the previous atomic model, there were no neutrons, which made the atomic model seem incomplete. Ernest Rutherford had proposed the existence of an electrically neutral particle, but was never able to prove it existed. In 1932, Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron. He found it to be slightly heavier than the proton with a mass of 1840 electrons and have a neutral charge (Discovery of Neutron). The incredible effort and great amount of time these scientists put in to discover more about atoms and their potential is what led us to the knowledge we have today. All of their research combined resulted in the birth of the modern atomic theory.

Philosophy of Science Essay -- Informative, Scientific Method

Background In the modern technological and highly specialized world scientists are seldom aware of the work of philosophers; it is practically unparalleled to find them queuing up, as they have done in Popper's case, to swear to the great practical beneficial influence which that philosophical work has had upon their own (1). In his paper he started by the following â€Å"The problem which troubled me at the time was neither, 'When is a theory true?' nor, 'When is a theory acceptable?' My problem was different I wished to distinguish between science and pseudo-science; knowing very well that science often errs, and that pseudo-science may happen to stumble on the truth† (2) Karl considers the empirical method of observations ensued by test or series of tests to approve a theory, and analysis of the results (empirical method) is not acceptable. As an alternative he recommended the following â€Å"I often formulated my problem as one of distinguishing between a genuinely empirical method and a non-empirical or even a pseudo-empirical method--that is to say, a method which, although it appeals to observation and experiment† (2) He established that the main problem in the philosophy of science is that of demarcation, i.e., (distinguishing between science and what he terms 'non-science). Karl popper summarized his ideas in seven points as followed: 1. It is easy to obtain confirmations, or verification, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmations. 2. Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions 3. Every 'good' scientific theory is a prohibition: it forbids certain things to happen. 4. A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non scientific. 5. Every g... ...ns no observation is free from the possibility of error. 6- Karl popper considered that scientific logic is deductive logic. so all scientific theories are tested by trying to falsify them. In order to do this, scientists deduce predictions from theories and if the predictions prove to be false, then deductive logic dictates that the theory is false. If the predictions prove to be true, then the theory is not proven true, simply this means that is corroboration to this theory. 7-last one (conventionalist twist) or a’ conventionalist stratagem'.)these words created to explain the trying some admirers of some theories to rescue the theory from refutation tried to save their theory, By introducing some auxiliary assumption, or by re-interpreting the theory in this way that it escapes refutation, but they destroyed or at least lowered, its scientific status (2).

The Corruption in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Ha

The Corruption in William Shakespeare's Hamlet Central to the plot and the themes developed in Shakespeare's Hamlet, are the varying elements of corruption which occur during the play. This is echoed in Marcellus' famous comment of 'Something is rotten in the state of Denmark,' when Hamlet is beckoned away by the Ghost (1.4.90). As the play continues and the story enfolds, it becomes apparent that there truly is 'something rotten in the state of Denmark,' and rather that it is not just one 'something,' but many things. The most obvious example of corruption is the story of the late King Hamlet's murder by his brother Claudius. When Prince Hamlet goes to speak with the Ghost he learns that his father's death was not an accident, as was officially reported, but instead that it was a 'Murder most foul . . . strange and unnatural,' (1.5.27-28) committed by King Hamlet's brother who 'Now wears his crown' (1.5.39). While this act was committed before the play even begins, it sets the stage for all the events which follow, descending into a state just as corrupt as this first crime. A continuance of the murder of the King, is the soon following marriage of the widowed Queen to none other than Claudius, the murderer. While the Queen does not know that Claudius killed her former husband, her part in the relationship is not wholly innocent. Her mourning seems minimal and her lustfulness maximal, for 'But two months dead' (1.2.138) was the King before 'She married . . . With such dexterity to incestuous sheets' (1.2.156-157). This image of a corrupted or damned royalty is strongly played up, especially by Hamlet, who recognizes this new union of Claudius and his mother as incredibly demeaning to the state of Denmark, and a ... ...n guilty head, affecting the whole state of Denmark. By using murder and deception to gain the throne, as soon as Claudius assumes it, it is irrevocably tainted. Marrying the brother of her dead husband, the Queen's bed becomes 'A couch for luxury and damned insect' (1.5.83). The games and favors played to please the King, the spying, the secrets kept, and the lies told, all come back with a sentence of death. Even the fight between Hamlet and Laertes is not fair, with a poison tipped weapon and a poisoned drink, conspiracies of the King to ensure Hamlet's death, but which claim the life of the Queen, Laertes, and himself also. All of these events culminate in Act V to eventually destroy the royalty of Denmark with no member surviving the duration of the play, proving for any doubting member of the audience that something truly was 'rotten in the state of Denmark.'

DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (No. 87-154)

DeShaney v. Winnebago County was a landmark Supreme Court Case which was ruled on in February, 1989. The case revolved around Joshua DeShaney, a child who who was reportedly abused by his father, Randy DeShaney. In 1980, Joshua's parents divorced and his father won full custody. In 1983, Joshua was hospitalized for suspected abuse by his father. Winnebago County Department of Social Services got involved and four year old Joshua DeShaney was kept in the hospital's custody for three days. However, â€Å"On the recommendation of a 'child protection team,' consisting of a pediatrician, a psychologist, a police detective, the county's lawyer, several DSS caseworkers, and various hospital personnel, the juvenile court dismissed the case and returned the boy to the custody of his father.† (US Supreme Court). Over the next year, Winnebago's Department of Social Services visited the DeShaney household five times and each time, suspected child abuse was reported. In January and March of 1984, Joshua was reported too ill to be visited by social services for his bimonthly check ups. Evidently, he had been beaten to the point of slipping in to a life threatening coma by his father. Emergency brain surgery revealed that Joshua had a series of severe brain hemorrhages caused by head injuries inflicted over a long period of time. Joshua DeShaney survived, but he suffered severe brain damage and was not expected to ever make a full recovery. Joshua DeShaney's mother filed a lawsuit on his behalf, claiming that because DSS had taken no action to prevent the violence affecting her son, they had violated his right to liberty without the due process gauranteed to him by the Fourteenth Amendment. Joshua's mother sued under â€Å"42 U.S.C. 1983, alleg... ...nnebago County."  Wikipedia. N.p., 10 12 13. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . U.S. Supreme Court, . N.p.. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . Strauss, P.. N.p.. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . Cornell, . 10 Jan 2014. . . N.p.. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . . N.p.. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . . N.p.. Web. 10 Jan 2014. . "Estelle v. Gamble."  Wikipedia. N.p., 29 10 13. Web. 11 Jan 2014. . "Younberg v. Romeo."  Wikipedia. N.p., 5 11 12. Web. 11 Jan 2014. .

Ethics of end of life care Essay

Ethics often play a big role in end of life care in terminally ill people, such as the case of Hassan Rasouli, a man who was left with brain damage following surgery. Doctors determined that the man had no quality of life and that they had intended to remove him from life support measures that were necessary to keep him alive. His family quickly objected stating that they wanted him to remain on life support as in there Muslim religion it was imperative to preserve life. Doctors insisted that he should be removed, as there were no signs of life without artificial means, that the facial movements his family thought to be Mr. Rasouli smiling at them were just involuntary movements. The doctors feel that keeping the man on life support is inhumane verses letting him pass peacefully. The doctors have taken the case to the courts. This is an issues that is very common in todays times, with multiple factors playing a part from old age to terminal diseases, many people enact advance directives requarding their end of life care removing the debate of what their wishes were. The courts sided with the family and allowed the man to remain on artificial life support. An evaluation by a neurologist with the University of Western Ontario’s Brain and Mind Institute, found that Mr. Rasouli did in fact have some neurological function and therefor he was declared minimally conscious and not in a persistive vegetative state, however there is not a large difference in the two.

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages Ap History

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages The Neolithic Age changed the way people live now a days for many reasons. First of all, in this era agriculture was very important. People could farm instead of hunting and gathering and also they could settle down in one place. People also began to live in small communities. Settling down in one place meant more food and free time. This started trade because there were food surpluses and began the first forms of government. There were many things to be done so they divided work up among everyone in the small community.This was the very beginning of the way we live today. The Paleolithic Age is the Old Stone Age ending in 1200 B. C. E. were stone tools were used for hunting and gathering. People used tools such as clubs and choppers to crack open bones. Tools in this era were mainly made to use for shelter, defense, and keepings of food and clothing. These people believed in an afterlife which was similar to actual life on Earth because they were provi ded with all the tools, weapons and necessities needed to survive which was stated in document 1.In this age scholars believed that their ancestors lived in a world of spirits and shown in document 2 these people were hunters. The Neolithic Age is the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B. C. E. were the adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred and were domestication of plants and animals occurred. This is the era where people began to develop social groups and create civilizations and stop moving from place to place. Stated in the document 4 people began to depend more on animals and less on plants.They followed herds of animals instead of just one to get more food and eventually create a surplus. The animals that they herded gave them the fertilizer for agriculture. In document 5 it says that there were settled farming communities and they began to create a council to make decisions on what to harvest. Settled people had more personal property. These differences were so import ant because of the technology and ways of life that these people started to create.If the people from the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages didn’t discover the things that they did our world today would be totally different. There are many possibilities on what our life would be like today if these people didn’t start a foundation for us. In conclusion, as you can see the Neolithic age changed how we live greatly. They started the first forms of agriculture and created small communities of people. People settled in one place and began to trade for work. What do you think life would be like if people from these two eras didn’t start the things they did for us?

My Left Foot Review Essay

My Left Foot Film Review My Left foot is the true story of a young boy called Christy Brown, played by Hugh O’Connor and Daniel Day-Lewis, Christy is born into a poor working class family in Dublin, Ireland, with a physically disabling condition known as cerebral palsy. Considered a vegetable and using his only functional limb(his left foot) Christy becomes a very successful writer and artist with the help of his strong willed mother and teacher. I personally really enjoyed this ? lm, I liked the way it was set in Ireland during a time where religion ruled society. Almost every family in Ireland had their lives run in the way of the church, the cardinal sins were almost like laws, and were obeyed better than real laws. We see this when christys mother ? nds the ‘un-godly’ magazine under Christy in his wheel barrow. Society was set in stone and nobody tried to better themselves. The son’s and daughters of every family followed in their fathers or mothers footsteps. Everybody had their place in society the upper class lived to work, so as to make themselves richer and richer where as the lower class worked to live, so they could get by in life. Christy however was an acception to this, he bettered him self in society by becoming an achieved artist and writer, and this allowed him to break the mould and become something nobody thought he could ever be. I found my Left Foot quite inspiring because of Christys achievements, it shows that theres always a way to be something that you want to be even if the odds aren’t in your favor! It also shows that if someone beleves in you, you can go very far in life, just like christys mother beleived in him when nobody else did. I loved Daniel Day-Lewis in this movie because of his spectacular interpretation of the disease cerebral palsy, as you can imagine playing the role of a handicapped man must have been quite challenging but Lewis managed to pull it off. My only dislike about the ? lm is that I felt it was a ? lm that I could only watch once, because the ? lm deals with such a serious matter I feel that its not something Id want to view again. I thought the setting, along with the costumes and props were very accurate in picturing life in the 1930’s and 40’s, the houses and neighbour-hood was exactly what you would expect it to be like as well as the opinion and beleifs of the community.

Old Imperialism vs. New Imperialism

Imperialism is the spread of control over territories across the globe. The Industrial Revolution and interests in nationalism created a new period of imperialism around 1750. Old imperialism lasted from 1450- 1750, but imperialism alone remained until 1914. Old imperialism and new imperialism shared the same basic concept of controlling and utilizing foreign countries. Old imperialism focused mainly on systems of trade while new imperialism took bolder steps to overtaking nations. Old Imperialism was the period from 1450-1750, in which powers were motivated by â€Å"gold, glory, and God†. Political power was controlled by central governments while leaders were busy trying to increase their power. National wealth was widely viewed as holder of power. In old Imperialism, Europeans focused on a cash and carry system, where they purchased goods from native merchants who brought the goods they produced. This led to a focus on a trading system because Europeans didn’t want to take on territorial responsibilities. During the Old imperialism era, Europeans set up trading posts, ports, and docks. These trading centers benefited the places the mother country was supplying too. They had objectives to protect their trading centers in native places and none to obtain territories in them. Europe’s trade within and between native lands led to cultural diversity which may have caused a small breach in unity. However, the old Imperialism era ended due to high costs in taking over territories and too much time to supply the mother country. There was no time to build up a superior, organized, skilled army for anyone. Also, due to the Industrial Revolution there was now a faster more efficient way to create and manufacture products. New Imperialism took place from 1750-1914 in which, Europeans encouraged the acquiring of new native territories in order to invest capital in them to expand their profits. Many others started following European actions such as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and Russia. Europeans saw these native lands as the light to opening them politically and economically. Europeans sought out lands that provided new sources of raw materials, cheap labor, markets, areas of investment, and military boosters. As European nations became competitive with one another, here was an increased pressure to practice Imperialism to maintain power. New Imperialism was motivated greatly by the Industrial Revolution and its advancements, and efficiency of manufacturing and supplying products. European nations also focused on opening trade routes that would give them places to sell their goods. Also significant was the Europeans desire to Christianize and â€Å"civilize† other nations through missionary work and the enforcement of European cultures and beliefs. The new Imperialism brought on social changes as well. Many people urged the taking up of the â€Å"White Man’s Burden†, bringing the European version of civilization to the rest of the world, regardless whether they wanted it or not. While old Imperialism and new Imperialism obviously differed they do share some of the same concepts. During each era, both focused on building their nation stronger, superior, and more enhanced than everyone else through political, economic, and militaristic strategies. Both Imperialisms brought on war, hatred, and strong levels of competition among the World. They brought on ethnic diversity as well as cultural diversity throughout. Each significantly boosted economies worldwide, creating hatful competition which would lead to big wars, maybe even two of them. Imperialism refers to colonial expansion across the globe. As more and more countries began competing, it folded out a new playing field of war. Soon, there would be allies, enemies, victories, defeats, and a whole lot of casualties. Yes, this expansionism would lead to World War I, eventually, into World War II and slumping depressions worldwide.

The environmental crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The environmental crisis - Essay Example A careful examination of Jewish and Buddhist environmental sources and activism suggest that from the beginning, religion has been linked to environmental protection. Textual, ethical, legal, and philosophical sources Buddha’s life illustrates how much Buddha loved nature. To begin with, Buddha was born in Nepal a place of natural beauty. He was born in a forest further emphasizing the Buddhist appreciation of nature. Buddha preached his first Dhammacakkapabattansutta in the Deer park and passed away at Sala forest of Malla at Kushinara. This shows the initial attachments of Buddhists to nature. According to Donald K. Swearer, in Buddhism, "not unlike the biological sciences, rebirth links human and animal species,† meaning there is a link between humans and animals. The Buddhists believe in a certain interconnectedness in nature that, "The health of the whole is inseparably linked to the health of the parts, and the health of the parts is inseparably linked to the healt h of the whole† (Gottlieb 102). Similarly, some of the Buddha-nature found in china including trees, streams, rocks and lotuses are part of a continuous ecosystem. The power of nature in the Buddha religion forms the real basis of the religion. First, because the Buddha spent six years in the forest meditating and Buddhist followers often retreat to nature hence they have a powerful ethical foundation to support a healthy eco system and â€Å"green† lifestyle. In one of the Buddhist sources, the relationship between a tree and a human being is described as follows, â€Å"the tree indeed is the bearer of the flower and the fruit†¦ the tree gives the shade to all people who come near†¦ the tree does not give shade differently. (Milindapanha, VI, 409 – â€Å"rukkho nama pupphaphaladharo†¦rukkho upagatanamanuppavitthanam jananam chayam deti†¦, rukkho chayavemattam na karoti†). These characteristics show that the relationship between human beings and nature should be mutual. These Buddhist sources reinforce tucker’s claim of religion entering an ecological phase because aspects of environmental protection are well- grounded into the religious beliefs and practices of the Buddhists (Tucker 93). Various Jewish sources also front religion and its impact on environment. According to defenders of Jewish environmental ethics, there are three main areas of environmental usefulness in the bible and other rabbinic literature. These include the protection of vegetation, the aspect of predicting the well-being of the earth and awareness of the distress of animals. Jewish tradition forbids inflicting unnecessary pain to animals and the Torah includes a vegetarian diet for Adam and Eve. Respecting the environment is part of the Jewish religion. Jewish commentator, Jonathan Helfand writes that God told man to subdue the earth but the spirit of Judaism negates the notion that the earth is entirely man’s dominion. He co ntinues that as part of the divine plan man is obligated to respect both the animate and inanimate occupants of the world (Benstein 46). The Jewish hold that the environment has certain inalienable rights endowed to it by the creator that can be dismissed or violated. Jewish writer Jeremy Cohen states that a responsible interaction with the environment is the deepest personal and spiritual fulfillment. He adds that environmental irresponsibility results in spiritual demise. Rabbinic ethos encourages human beings to be

The business and financial performance of J Sainsbury plc over the Essay

The business and financial performance of J Sainsbury plc over the last three year period - Essay Example fulness, this paper carried out an empirical study where it compared the firm’s stock prices with those of its rivals as well as its own financial position over a span of three years and actually found that such ground of concern of the financial managers is not baseless and that the firm’s position indeed has been deteriorating over the years. J Sainsbury Plc had historically been one of the leading grocery retail chains in the UK. It was founded by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury in 1869 at Drury Lane, one of the poorest localities in London with just one shop in the beginning, which soon became popular amongst the locals because of the high-quality product they sold at affordable prices. Their popularity among the people helped them gather the funds needed to expand their business and eventually led them to build a chain of about 800 stores throughout the economy that today includes a chain of more than 500 super-markets and about 300 convenience stores built under the brand name Sainsbury. Although their journey started with just a retail store in a small part of London, very soon they started producing their own brand of products – the first among them was bacon which they started producing in their own smoking ovens in 1882. Gradually, Sainsbury, what was a mere firm, started producing and supplying a variety of other types of commodities that today amounts to more than 30,000 products comprising of both food and non-food items; and introduced a variety of services like self-help at the counters meant to avoid the rush and thus ease the efforts of their customers. The company also showed benevolence towards its employees when they began publishing regular store magazines for the counselling of their employees. The versatility of the firm soon became prominent when it showed its concern to the society during the world wars when it adopted some innovative measures for its betterment, which proved its consciousness over the issue. During the world

Hospitality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Hospitality management - Essay Example In general, job stress of managers and frontline personnel has been well documented in the hospitality and tourism literature (Hahn et al., 1999). Job burnout studies were originally conducted on people working in human services and education (Maslach et al., 2001 ). The topic continues to be of interest in various fields including hospitality academia. Within hospitality and tourism, most existing studies have investigated causes of burnout with a focus on the work environment including role stressors, organizational structures, and job characteristics. Specifically, role ambiguity, role conflict, poor management, poor communication, difficult customers, lack of autonomy, and work overload have been reported as precursors of hospitality job burnout (Allen and Mellor, 2002). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the role of personality dispositions in understanding hospitality employees’ job burnout in the hotel work setting. The Five-Factor Model of personality, which in recent years has received significant support among personality experts, is used. In the literature section, the five personality dimensions and the antecedents of job burnout are described in detail. A group of psychologists consider job burnout as a type of stress, which is one dimensional (Maslach et al., 2001 ). Others view it as multi-dimensional (Allen and Mellor, 2002 ). The current consensus is that job burnout is composed of three sub-constructs: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion refers to a lack of energy and a feeling that ones emotional resources are used up because of excessive psychological demands. Depersonalization is characterized by treating others as objects rather than people through cynical, callous, and uncaring attitudes and behaviors. Diminished personal accomplishment denotes a tendency to evaluate oneself negatively because of failure to produce

Female Identity in school Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Female Identity in school - Research Paper Example It is possible to consider the way the challenges are manifested at school, as this is one of the most important periods in a person’s life, the period of the individual’s personality formation. Halim and Ruble (2010) claim that yearly years are the most important for development of the gender identity. Stereotypes become a part of children’s life at early ages as well. Therefore, educators have to be careful when choosing materials to discuss and provide to learners. Aina and Cameron (2011) also underline the importance of handling the issue of stereotypes in early childhood education. It is essential to make sure that young children develop unbiased worldview, which is free of stereotypes concerning gender. It is possible to start with the analysis of censorship concerning gender roles. It is noteworthy that similar issues can be traced in different countries of the world. Thus, the US education is characterized by certain censorship when it comes to gender education. Curwood, Schliesman and Horning (2009) note that the curriculum does not include discussion of ‘controversial’ issues. Thus, when working with some literary works, educators deliberately avoid certain issues that are seen â€Å"an unsafe space† (Curwood et al., 2009, p. 38). In other countries, censorship can be much stricter. Thus, Morton (2013) stresses that censorship in education is used as a tool to form a society of people sharing certain values. In these societies, females are assigned inferior roles and are taught to be submissive. It is important to note that apart from censorship, media contribute significantly to development of bias and prejudice as well as stereotypes in the societies. At this point, it is important to add that Hollywood and pop culture play central role in this process. Thus, Hollywood films create a specific image of a woman. For instance, women in science are depicted as females following latest fashion trends (Steinke, 2005). Even though female

Use of Electronic Monitoring to Measure Employee Productivity Case Study

Use of Electronic Monitoring to Measure Employee Productivity - Case Study Example Nevertheless, these systems and tools have promoted intrusion into the private lives of employees by both the profession and the employer. Many organizations have opted to use electronic monitoring to track employee productivity and analyze their electronic communication. The issue of electronic monitoring intrusion into employee’s privacy has sparked a major debate between the employers and employee advocates. This paper will discuss the contemporary issues in the use of electronic monitoring by companies to assess employee productivity. Advancement in information technology: Technological growth has facilitated accurate collection and storage of a great pool of personal information usually without the permission or knowledge of the employee concerned, and whether such information is necessary for business functions. The organizations collect personal information for reasons of evaluation of employee performance,security,and protection from lawsuits among others. Nevertheless, the privacy laws are not robust enough to shield employees from intrusion (Watt, 2009). Currently, employees of private corporations in the United States lack legal protection against abusive practices of e-mail monitoring. Therefore, American employers can freely intercept, seek, and read any messages stored on the hard drives of employee’s computer.... This is attributable to the rising incidences of cyber loafing and litigation. Employers believe that their employees will comply with existing organizational benchmarks for behavior when constantly monitored. However, this has resulted to the development of perception of intrusiveness into private life by employees. In the United States, the anxiety about the stock market and concerns about safety of families makes employees seek the latest information from the Internet in the workplace (Rurhsani, 2005). Only under special circumstances would employers put up with excessive use of the internet for activities other than job although they feel that it can lower their performance. Organizations are increasingly demanding the individual employee’s personal information. In spite of enactment of legislation attempting to resolve the issue of privacy, debate is still raging over the ethical issues with regard to the privacy rights. Lack of rational regulation of such monitoring woul d significantly affect employee’s privacy rights (Mujtaba, 2003; Rustad & Paulsson, 2005). Besides loss in productivity and liabilities involved with employee’s cyber loafing, companies are worried about the sending out of sensitive and secretive information to their competitors, vendors, suppliers, and customers by mischievous employees (Rustad & Paulsson, 2005). Incidences have been reported of employees sharing company’s confidential information and trade secrets with outside employees or friends using an employer’s email system. Moreover, some employees have been found to use an employer’s Internet to initiate or operate their own business while working. Lawsuits may result due to employers being held responsible for employee’s misuse of the internet

Genes and Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genes and Environment - Research Paper Example DNA is present on the chromosomes in a coiled helical manner and controls the cellular metabolism as it has nitrogen base that contains four different nitrogen bases- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T). A pairs with T with a double Hydrogen bond while G pairs with C with a triple nitrogen bond. On the other hand, RNA also contains A, G, and C but instead of T, it has U, the Uracil. The exact sequence of the base pair is required for the formation of a particular protein any change in the sequence of the base pairs changes the structure and function of the protein molecule and hence the cellular metabolism is affected (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). DNA controls the cellular environment as well as the metabolic processes, synthesizes mRNA molecule by the process of transcription, RNA, in turn, synthesize polypeptide chain by the process of translation. Polypeptides are the basic structure of the protein molecules. These proteins are responsible for the formation of en zymes which control the cellular mechanism and hence influence the survival of the organism (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Genes possess information to maintain the cellular environment and trigger the formation or stoppage of the formation of the polypeptide. Depending on the cellular requirement the genes are switched on and off. Genes are the heritable units i.e. they pass the genetic traits to the offspring. The genetic makeup of the organism is called the genotype while genes also govern the external appearance of the organism, the phenotype. It is because of genes an offspring resemble parents in appearance and behavior to a certain extent. Thus, genes are the most vital components of life and carry out all the biological processes (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). The number of genes varies from organisms to organisms. For instance, micro-organisms possess single chromosomes and therefore they have limited genes. Viruses, which are considered to be the connecting link between the living and non-living entities carry either DNA or RNA. For their replication and multiplication, they pass only the genetic material to the host cell and this genetic material takes control over the host cell machinery to make multiple copies of the viral particles. Thereby highlighting the fact that genes retain all the information required for the formation of the complete organism, from the single cell to multicellular organisms (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Multicellular organisms possess a greater number of chromosomes, for instance, human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes carrying different genes located on different chromosomes to carry out different physiological and biological processes (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Interaction of genes As genes are chemical entities, they are liable to interact with various physical and chemical molecules. These chemicals interact with the genetic molecules and potentially alters their characteristics. Alteration of genes is cal led mutation (Alberts, 2002; Snustad, 2002). Alteration of genes occurs in many ways either in terms of addition, deletion, duplication of base pairs. These alterations are responsible for various genetic anomalies.

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Auditing - Assignment Example sely, the primary purpose of the accounting framework is to ensure that the users of financial information are provided with user-friendly information. This assignment seeks to present the concept of the audit, audit risk, and substantive audit procedures based on the case of Applied Graphene Materials PLC. Based on the company’s financial statements, first, three areas of heightened audit risk will be identified, and a quantitative analysis provided. Second, in relation to one of the identified areas in the first part, five substantive audit tests will be identified together their significance (Foster & Greenawalt 1995, pp. 1-5). The company analysis can take two approaches. That is the providers of funds and the controllers of the funds. Funds are provided by stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, and other entities. The categories of stakeholders that are responsible for the management of funds are directors and managers. From the statement, the providers of funds are different from funds managers. Therefore, fund providers require a report on how funds are being managed over a period, usually one year. However, the information contained in the financial statement may lack credibility for the following reasons: the information may contain errors; it may not disclose any fraudulent act; the information may be inadvertently or deliberately misleading; and the information may not disclose all the material information. It is a daunting task to prepare financial reports, especially for large companies with several subsidiaries that adopt different accounting practices. The process of consolidating the financial information of large companies such as Applied Graphene Materials PLC creates a breeding ground for multiple errors, fraud, and omissions. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the auditor to verify whether the company’s financial statements are free of error, fraud or material misstatement. That is, whether the information presents a true and

Effect of Electronic Media on Children Essay Example for Free

Effect of Electronic Media on Children Essay The media has demonstrated otentially profound effects, both positive and negative, on childrens cognitive, social, and behavioral development. Considering the increasing exposure of children to newer forms of media, we decided to review the current literature on the effects of media on child health both in the Western countries and India. It is widely accepted that media has profound influence on child health, including violence, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors. Simultaneously, media may have some positive effects on child health. We need to find ways to optimize the role of edia in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. We need to understand better how to reverse the negative impact of media and make it more positive. Key words: Media, Child, India. ne of the notable changes in our social environment in the 21st century has been the saturation of our culture and daily lives by the mass media.

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay Example for Free

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas presents ideas about World War 2 and the holocaust. The movie shows what fear and Punishment and the innocence of childhood would have been like during WW2 and the holocaust. During World War 2 and the holocaust, fear within the Jewish race was created by the soldiers. Soldiers had the power and right to abuse and attack the Jewish people â€Å"when it pleased them. † Under Hitler, the soldiers had the next amount of ultimate power and used it to their advantage to pressure the Jewish people under the influence that if they misbehave they will be punished. In the movie ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ this fear is seen when Lieutenant Kotler walks into the dining room and sees Schmuel eating a pastry and Bruno talking to him. The Lieutenant is shot from a low camera angle to show his power and strength. Schmuel and Brunos eyes widen and jagged breaths escape from their mouths as the soldier interrogates them with his strong, stern voice about the pastry and the talking that was occurring, Because of the fear with which the lieutenant filled the boys, Bruno lies to Lieutenant Kotler because he is afraid of what will happen. He betrays his only friend and Schmuel is the one who gets the beating for it. Fear is also shown in the film when Bruno’s mother discovers the true information of what it happening a few hundred metres from her home. She confronts her husband and is stricken with fear for what is happening to the Jewish race, she cowers in the corner in a foetal position as her husband come close to support her and explain himself. The camera is above her, which show how small and insignificant she is and how large and fearful her husband can be. The fear created and explored in the movie The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas displays what it would have been like for the Jewish race during World War 2 and the Holocaust. The holocaust and World War 2 was a time of punishment and pain for the Jewish race. The Jewish race was punished for not fitting into Hitler’s idea of a â€Å"perfect race. † Punishment wasn’t just for those who did something wrong. A Jew could be punished for looking at a guard the wrong way or making a small error that would be considered insignificant in any other situation. Punishments could vary from a beating, to a bashing to the death chamber. In the movie ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ punishment on a Jew is seen when Lieutenant Kotler bumps the servant Pavel while he is pouring red wine. It’s not Pavel’s fault but because he is Jewish he is be blamed for the soldier’s mistakes. The Lieutenant drags the servant into the hall way and begins to bash him while the family are in the next room eating in silence, listening to the punishment that Pavel is enduring. Another Example of Punishment in ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is when Lieutenant Kotler find Schmuel and Bruno talking in the dining room. The Lieutenant see’s Schmuel eating a pastry a questions the boys. When he finds Schmuel ‘guilty’ of stealing food he is taken away. The next day when Bruno goes on his adventure to the camp the audience can see that Schmuel has been punished for his actions. Schmuel is shown to have had a beating and as a result he has a swollen eye with cuts and bruises all over his body. The Punishment that seen throughout â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† displays what it would have been like during the holocaust and World War 2 for the Jewish race. During World War 2 and the Holocaust children were put through a living nightmare, being exposed to killings, torture and punishment for something unknown to their innocent minds. Children were not in the know, being put through a hell of a time and not being able to understand how they are different to their best friends of another race. The Innocence of a childhood is displayed in the ‘Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ when the commandant and his soldiers are in the office watching the propaganda film created to persuade and demonstrate to the rest of the world that they are treating Jews with ‘excellent’ living conditions and an ‘average’ and ‘happy’ lifestyle. When Bruno peeks in on the propaganda film, he is placed under the belief that where his friend Schmuel is living is a happy place with play areas, a cafe with excellent food and time is lost with all the ‘fun and games’ that they provide. When Bruno makes the decision to cross the electric fence and help his friend Schmuel who has lost his father, he discovers that the film he watched was actually a lie and doesn’t understand why everyone is so sad and the area is constantly monitored by armed soldiers. Bruno is unaware of the situation and becomes scared and wishes to go home. In this time he discovers that everything he saw in the movie is a lie, the cafe, the play areas, the giggling children. Within â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† the innocence of a childhood is displayed by the propaganda film which inflicts the belief of a lie onto an innocent child who doesn’t understand the ways of the real world and his surroundings, this demonstrates how a childhood was influenced by lies during the Holocaust and World War 2. The movie â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† displays the previous ideas of how fear, punishment and the innocence of a childhood creates a scene which demonstrate what World War 2 and the Holocaust would have been like for The Jewish race, soldiers, innocent children and the surrounding onlookers to the War that was taking place.

Stimulus measures policy forms

Stimulus measures policy forms Part 1. Some reject stimulus measures in all current policy forms. These economists focus on the damaging activities and decisions of (a) private corporations, (b) commercial banks, and (c) wealthy individuals. How can these three groups that lead our private market system, each in their own way, frustrate and foil the goals of a fiscal stimulus program. The 2009 Stimulus packages that President Obama released were done so with the intentions of trying to fix the recession bound economy. But the question that surfaced was what the long term results of this stimulus package were. Is it more beneficial or more harmful to our already down falling economy? A fiscal stimulus package by the government consists of generally three options either the use of tax cuts, increased transfers or increased government spending. All three options have one problem in common; it will cause the government budget to increase. It can only serve as a temporary boost to the economy, because the government has to find a way to fund this package. When the government needs to spend money that they didnt revenue from taxes it is called a budget deficit, they would need to borrow and most likely from foreign reserve banks or through the selling of bonds. In Keyness economic vision â€Å"the goal of macro policy is not to balance the budget but to balance the economy at full employment.† This does logically make sense because a low availability of jobs would mean an increase of transfer payments including unemployment compensation and welfare benefits. But if new jobs can be created it will decrease the burden of transfer payments and increase tax revenue. An increase of jobs would equal more taxes to collect and less economic problems when unemployment rates are lower. But since the recession and fiscal policy both are signs that suggest, the economic state is not currently at its best for investments. Private corporations are less eager to invest being that from a business perspective their initial intent is to make profit. Without the confidences in future profit rates theres less of an obligation to want to take the risk. I believe that from any business stand point, private corporations are interested in how much profits they can make and maybe secondarily how many jobs a new project or investment can create. Commercial banks on the other hand could result in a â€Å"crowding out effect because the increase in government borrowing will cause a decrease in private sector borrowing†. Crowding out means that theres less progression which is also an â€Å"opportunity cost for government spending†. When the government is shut out of all other options, borrowing money to finance the budget deficits can cause an increase in interest rates. Theres only a certain about of money available for borrowing and if the government borrows, less money is available for business investments. Wealthy individuals would tend to save more and spend less. They may also invest in foreign counties that stand at a better economy. Therefore private corporations, commercial banks, and wealthy individuals are three power groups that hold the foundation of our private market system. They have the general ability to effect consumption rates because of investments. Its a circular flow effect, less jobs cause less overall GDP consumption and less taxes, less confidence in economy, which causes less investment. After all Keynes did say that â€Å"the goal of macro policy is not to balance the budget but to balance the economy at full employment. The main problem here is that there are not enough jobs to boast the economy in the long run. The American dream is to do better than the past generation. Its hard to reach that when jobs arent available and a recession at hand. Part 2. Given our currently high unemployment rate and low inflation rate, argue for or against a Supply-Side policy focus versus a Demand-Side policy emphasis. Aggregate demand or aggregate supply whats a better a choice when you have high unemployment and low inflation rates? I believe that the demand curve is only going to be a temporary answer to the economic problem. â€Å"The demand curve will shift in response to changes in income, changes in expectations (consumer confidence), changes in wealth, changes in credit conditions or changes in tax policy.† The whole purpose of aggregate demand is to stimulate consumer spending. If unemployment is high its unlikely that this will solve the problem. How do you tell someone who is unemployed to buy more? In contrary I think the aggregate supply is a better policy choice to get the economy back and running. â€Å"The policy options to shift AS rightward include: Tax incentives for saving, investment and work, human capital investment, deregulation, trade liberalization and infrastructure development.† This works better because the tax cuts will increase consumption being that it would result in a higher level of disposable income. This means that people would be more motivated to work. Lets just say Person A makes $40,000 a year and taxes used to 10% and now they are down to 5%, this means that instead of paying $4000 in taxes it would just be $2000. Person A is able to work the same amount and have $2000 extra for disposable income. This guarantees that (C+G+I+(x-m) = GPD) GDP will go up if consumption goes up. Human capital investment is a long term effect; people find it worth their benefit to invest in school and training. Our goal is to find a way to both lower unemployment and lower the inflation rates. To do this we have to focus on the supply side or the production part of the market. By producing more (new technology) it would set the platform so that better prices levels are available. The technology is going to be useful for production for a while and the investments in education will increase the standards of living. This means that cheaper goods equal more consumption. Its a long term answer to the economy because the overall GDP will grow. The economy will grow and the production of output rises while unemployment and inflation falls. If all these aspects are intact theres no way that the next generation couldnt do better. I believe that a lot of the economic problems we face today are because of the actions that the government made without thinking of the long term effects. If we want our country to become stronger and stronger we have to think in long term strategies and I believe that the Aggregate Supply Policy is the right one. Part 3. Upon completing ECO 100, you have been hired by the Obama administration to advise them on Foreign Exchange Policy. Their concern is that low interest rates and a large trade deficit have led to a depreciating dollar. Accordingly, first prepare an overview of the way such rates and trade conditions can threaten our currency value. Then secondly, advise the President whether (or not) steps should be taken to strengthen the dollar in foreign exchange markets. What makes euros worth more than dollars and Chinese Yuan to be below both? The answer is that the currency market determines what the exchange rates are worth. The Foreign exchange market is just like the all markets where theres a demand theres a supply. But if there is a more demand than supply then the exchange rate would go up. Meaning if there was a higher demand for U.S dollars; dollar value would increase also known as appreciation. But in this example if there was an excess amount of U.S currency that is above the demand needed then our dollar value fall also known as deprecation. But the rule is that where theres a lost there is always a gain. Meaning if one countrys currency value goes up some other countrys money value has to go down. If the value of the U.S dollars improves in the Foreign Exchange Market then it would increase the overall supply of dollars. If our country has a trade deficit, meaning we import more and export less, we should find a method that attracts more exports. I think that the best approach to take would be to weaken the dollar. But in order for that to happen there had to be a way to alter the supply of U.S currency. In one perspective its a good thing if our dollars are more valuable we would be able to buy more foreign goods with the same dollar. But if theres too much of a supply of dollars the dollar may lose value. â€Å"As dollars become cheaper, American exports effectively fall in price and demand rises.† In order to reduce the amount of our trade deficit we could export more goods. If our dollar rates were low enough to attract foreigners to buy our good and cooperation would still make their profits then it would all work out. A weaken dollar would work until we could clo se the gap of our trade deficit and after that we would create a strategy that will strengthen the dollar by lowering the supply of it.